Approach of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation with Regard to Human Rights: Extrinsic or Intrinsic

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Assistant Professor, University of Pardis Farabi

2 PhD student in law at Farabi University, Tehran

Abstract

In the current era, human-rights regional organizations, while enjoying appropriate human rights mechanisms, have often placed their priority in monitoring the human rights situation in member states and taking appropriate measures to deal with human rights violations in these countries. In recent years, the Organization of Islamic Cooperation, as a regional institution, has seen developments in the field of human rights that can be considered in the form of provision of human rights documents and the designing minimum mechanisms for the promotion of human rights in Islamic states. In addition to the quality of considering the human rights by the organization, this article will examine whether the approach of Organization of Islamic Cooperation has been extrinsic or intrinsic in concern with the documents of human rights and procedure of the organization. Finally, it is concluded the documents and procedure of the organization reveal that it has taken an extrinsic approach with an emphasis on the human rights situation of Muslims in non-member countries; meanwhile besides departing from the traditional approach of the organization, the recent approach to monitoring the human rights situation in some member states is indicative of a tendency towards an intrinsic approach to human rights. However, the organization's discriminatory response to human rights violations in member states is a major concern.

Keywords

References

  1. منابع و مآخذ

    الف) فارسی

    1. بیگ‌زاده، ابراهیم (1389)، حقوق سازمان‌های بین‌المللی، چاپ اول، انتشارات مجد.
    2. موسی‌زاده، رضا (1395)، سازمانهای بین‌المللی، چاپ بیست و پنجم، انتشارات میزان.
    3. ﻣﯿﺮﻣﺤﻤﺪﯼ، ﺳﯿﺪ ﻣﺼﻄﻔﯽ (1387)، «تحلیل برنامۀ عمل ده‌سالۀ سازمان همکاری اسلامی در رویارویی با چالش‌های امت اسلامی در قرن 21»، مجلۀ اندیشۀ تقریب، شمارۀ 14.
    4. هاشمی، کامران (1390)، «ایجاد سازوکارهای بین دولتی حقوق بشری: بررسی فعالیت‌ها در حوزۀ اتحادیۀ عرب، سازمان کنفرانس اسلامی و جنبش عدم تعهد»، مجلۀ سیاست خارجی، شمارۀ 96.

    ب) عربی

    1. عقیل، مها (2012م)، «هیئه حقوق الانسان التابعه لمنظمه التعاون الاسلامی تحدد حقوق المراه و التعلیم و التنمیه و البحث کاولویه»، مجلۀ منظمه التعاون الاسلامی، العدد 20.
    2. کیا اوغلو، توران (2.12م)، «اجنده للحقوق فی العالم الاسلامی؟ تطور اطار عمل منظمه التعاون الاسلامی لحقوق الانسان»، مجلۀ رواق العربی، مرکز القاهره لدراسات حقوق الانسان، العدد 64.

    - اسناد العربیه

    1. بیان صحفی الختامی و التقریر نهائی للهیئه الدائمه المستقله لحقوق الانسان فی دورته الاولی، جاکرتا، 20/2/2012.
    2. بیان صحفی الختامی و التقریر نهائی للهیئه الدائمه المستقله لحقوق الانسان فی الدوره الثانیه انقره، الجمهوریه الترکیه، 27/8/2012.
    3. بیان صحفی الختامی و التقریر نهائی للهیئه الدائمه المستقله لحقوق الانسان فی الدوره الثالثه جده، المملکه السعودیه، 3/10/2013.
    4. بیان صحفی الختامی و التقریر نهائی للهیئه الدائمه المستقله لحقوق الانسان فی الدوره الرابعه جده، المملکه السعودیه، 6/4/2014.
    5. بیان صحفی الختامی و التقریر نهائی للهیئه الدائمه المستقله لحقوق الانسان فی دورته الخامسه جده، المملکه السعودیه، 5/6/2014.
    6. بیان صحفی، الهیئه الدائمه المستقله لحقوق الانسان تدین الهجوم الغادر علی المدنیین الابریاء فی مدینه خان شیخون، 4/6/2017.

    ج) انگلیسی

    1. Adam, Ahmed, (2014), "Understanding the Role of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation in Human Rights", Forum-Asia Working Paper Series, Asian Perspectives on International Human Rights Landscapes, Number 1.
    2. Bozorgmehri, Majid, (2017), "The Human Rights in OIC, A Gradually Movement but in Progress", Journal of Politics and Law; Vol. 10, No. 2.
    3. C. Blitt, Robert, (2018)," Leveraging Regional Human Rights Mechanisms Against Universal Human Rights: The OIC Independent Permanent Human Rights Commission Study On Sexual Orientation", William & Mary Law Review Online, Vol.60, NO. 1.
    4. Cismas, Ioana , (2011), "Introductory Note to the Statute of the OIC Independent Permanent Human Rights Commission", International Legal Materials 5, no. 6, pp: 1148-1160.
    5. Cismas, Ioana, (2018), "The Position of the OIC on Abortion: Not Too Bad, Ugly, or Just Confusing?", University of Pennsylvania Press.   
    6. Gunn, Jeremy - Lagresa, Alvaro, (2016), "Engagemet with Regioal Multilateral Organizations, Case Study: OIC and League of Arab States", Fostering Human Rights among European Policies, Work Package No. 5 – Deliverable No.3.
    7. Gunn, Jeremy and  Lagresa, Alvaro, (2016), "The organization of Islamic Cooperation:Universal Human Rights, Islamic Values", or raisons D etat? Human Rights & International Legal Discourse, Vol. 10, No. 2.  
      1. Hausler, Katharina, Kallai,Peter, Kortvelyesi, Zsolt, Balazs, Majteni, Sosa, Lorena, Timmer, Alexandra, Magnus, Killander, Ho Tu Nam, Nora, Okeowo, Adebayo, Gunn, Jeremy, Lagresa, Alvaro, (2016), Human Right, Democracy and Rule of Law: Different Organizations, Different of Conceptions? Fostering Human Rights among European Policies, Utrecht University.    
      2. Kayaoglu, Turan, (2013),"A rights Agenda for the Muslim World? The Organization of Islamic Cooperation s Evolving Human Rights Framwork", Brookings Doha Center Analysis Paper, Number 6.
      3. Kayaoglu, Turan, (2014). "Giving an Inch Only to Lose a Mile: Muslim States, Liberalism, and Human Rights in the United Nations", Human Rights Quarterly, volume 36, number 1.PP:61-89.
      4. Kayaoglu, Turan, (2015), "The OIC’s independent permanent human rights commission: an early assessment", The Danish Institute for Human Rights Denmark’s National Human Rights Institution,No.3.
      5. Khan, Saad S, (2001), Reasserting International Islam, A Focus on the Organization of the Islamic Conference and Other Islamic Institutions, Oxford University Press.
      6. Mayer, Ann Elizabeth, (2015),"The OIC's Human Rights Policies in the UN, A Problem of coherence", The Danish Institute for Human Rights, Denmark s National Human Rights Institution, No.4.
      7. Monshi Pouri, Mahmood and Kaufman, Claire L.(2015), "The OIC, Children s Rights and Islam", The Danish Institute for Human Rights, Denmark s National Human Rights Institution, No.6. 
      8. Petersen, Marie Juul and Kayaoglu, Turan, (2019), The Organization of Islamic Cooperation and Human Rights, University of Pennsylvania Press.
      9. Petersen, Marie Juul, (2012),"Islamic or Universal Human Rights? The OIC s Independent Permanent Human Rights Commission". Danish Institute for International Studies. No.03.
      10. Rasul Majida, Hausler Kristin, and McCorquodale Robert, (2016), Protecting Education in the Middle East and North Africa Region, British Institute of International and Comparative Law.
    8. Svoboda, Eva, A.Zyck, Steven, Osman, Daud, Hashi, Abdirashid, (2015), "Islamic humanitarianism? The evolving role of the Organisation for Islamic Cooperation in Somalia and beyond, Humanitarian Policy Group", Overseas Development Institute, London United Kingdom.
    9. Tirado Chace, Anthony, (2015), "The Organization of Islamic Cooperation, A Case Study of Internationl Organizations, Impact on Human Rights", The Danish Institute for Human Rights Denmark’s National Human Rights Institution,No.2.
    10. Viljoen, France, (2007), Internatonal Human Rights Law in Africa, Oxford University Press.

    - Documets

    1. IPHRC, OIC Independent Permanent Human Rights Commission (IPHRC) calls for an immediate end to the ongoing abrasive human rights violations and extrajudicial killings of Kashmiris in the Indian Occupied Kashmir (14 July 2016).
    2. IPHRC, OIC IPHRC called upon Israel, the occupying power, to ensure protection of Al-Aqsa Mosque, the h ird holy Shrine in Islam, and the right of Palestinians to worship in it with no restrictions (26 November 2015).
    3. IPHRC,The OIC Independent Permanent Human Rights Commission (IPHRC) reviewed during its Sixth Regular Session the situation in Palestine (6 November 2014).
    4. OIC Council of Foreign Ministers Resolution No. 49/19-P adopted at the 19th session of the OIC Council of Foreign Ministers (Cairo, 31 July to 5 August 1990).
    5. OIC Independent Permanent Human Rights Commission (IPHRC) concludes its 4th Session.
    6. OIC Islamic Summit Conference Resolution 2/4-EX (IS) on the situu ation in Syria (14-15 August 2012).
    7. OIC, ‘OIC Independent Permanent Human Rights Commission (IPHRC) concludes its 4th Session’ (16 February 2014).
    8. OIC, ‘OIC Independent Permanent Human Rights Commission (IPHRC) concludes its 5th Regular Session’ (5 June 2014).
    9. OIC, ‘The Independent Permanent Human Rights Commission Closs es its 3rd Regular Session in Jeddah Decides to visit Palestine and Myanmar to assess human rights situation’ (31 October 2013).
    10. OIC, Declaration of the Rabat Summit Conference (1969)
    11. OIC. 1990. Organization of the Islamic Conference. The Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam.
    12. OIC. 2005. Organization of the Islamic Conference. Ten Year Programme of Action to meet the Challenges Facing the Muslim Ummah in the 21st Century.
    13. OIC. 2010. Organization of Islamic Cooperation. Draft Statute of the OIC Independent Permanent Human Rights Commission, OIC/IPCHR/2010/DR. STATUTE.
    14. OIC. 2011b. Organization of Islamic Cooperation. Resolutions on Legal Affairs Adopted by the 38th Session of the Council of Foreign Ministers, OIC/CFM38/2011/LEG/RES/FINAL, Astana, Kazakhstan, 2011.
    15. OIC. 2011c. Organization of Islamic Cooperation. Statute of the OIC Independent Permanent Human Rights Commission, OIC/IPCHR/2010/STATUTE.
    16. Rules of Procedure of the OIC Independent Permanent Human Rights Commission.
    17. Statement by Ambassador Zamir Akram, Permanent Representative of Pakistan, on behalf of OIC Member States during the 15th Special Session of the Human Rights Council’ (n 48).
    18. Statute of the OIC Independent Permanent Commission on Human Rights. 
    19. UN Human Rights Council Resolution S-15/1 (25 February 2011) UN Doc No A/HRC/RES/S-15/1.
    20. UN Security Council Resolution 2118 (27 September 2013) UN Doc No S/RES/2118.
Jurisprudence and Islamic Law
Volume 10, Issue 18
March 2019
Pages 151-172

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics