Meta-Regulation in the Health Profession

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 دانشجوی دکتری حقوق عمومی دانشگاه شهید بهشتی تهران

2 Ph.D student in Shahid Beheshti University

Abstract

Economic regulation consists of government's interference within the area of economic activities to protect the public interest in the face of potential risk. In the case of professional self-regulation, the state authorities delegate their authority to the professional of a given field via rectifying statute laws. In the UK, USA, and Australia, this was happening in such organizations, in the private sector, and under the support of governments. But because of criminal cases and scandals in the medical sector, professional self-regulation of the health sector became a subject of criticism. Consequently, governments started to steer clear of self-regulation and commenced reforms that led to meta-regulation in health-related professions. This paper will focus on theories of private and public interest, Tripartism, to explore the role of meta-regulation institutes and governments in professional self-regulation. We start by exploring the theories of self-regulation and then scrutinize the reforms in models of self-regulation in the UK, Australia, and Canada. This may provide a basis for serious consideration of the role of such organizations, especially as the state of covid-19 pandemic causes a serious need for consistent policymaking in the health sector in Iran

Keywords

Main Subjects


  1.  

    الف) فارسی

    - کتاب‌ها

    1. امامی، محمد و استوار سنگری، کوروش، حقوق اداری، ج 1، (تهران: میزان، چ 16، 1394).
    2. رضایی‌زاده، محمدجواد، حقوق اداری 1، (تهران: میزان، چ 1، 1385).
    3. طباطبایی مؤتمنی، منوچهر، حقوق اداری، (تهران: سمت، چ 11، 1384).

    - مقالات

    1. امامیان، محمدصادق؛ ذوالفقاری، امیراحمد؛ محمدزاده، احسان و زمانیان، مرتضی، «نظام ملی تنظیم‌گری و ارتباط آن با نظام حکمرانی»، گزارش مرکز پژوهش‌های مجلش شورای اسلامی https://rc.majlis.ir/fa/report/show/1067009
    2. راسخ، محمد، «مبانی و نظام حقوق سلامت عمومی در وضعیت اضطراری»، تحقیقات حقوقی، ش 95 (1400).
    3. رحیمی‌تبار، پریسا و مصدق ‌راد، علی‌محمد، «الگوی حاکمیت نظام سلامت ایران مطالعه تطبیقی»، علوم پزشکی رازی، ش 9 (1398).
    4. تنگستانی، محمدقاسم و مرادی برلیان، مهدی، «گسترۀ نقش دولت در تنظیم و نظارت بر حرفۀ وکالت دادگستری»، مطالعات حقوق عمومی، ش 2 (1400).
    5. هاشمی، سید محمد، «جامعۀ مدنی و نظام سیاسی»، تحقیقات حقوقی، ش 23-24 (1377).

    ب) منابع انگلیسی

    1. Allsop, Judy & Saks, Mike , Regulating the Health Professions. (London: Sage Publications, 2002).
    2. Bayles, Michael, D, “Professional Power and Self-Regulation”. Business & Professional Ethics Journal, Vol. 5, (1986)
    3. Beach, Abigail & Davies, Celia, Interpreting Professional Self-Regulation. In Interpreting Professional Self-Regulation: A History of the United Kingdom Central Council for Nursing, Midwifery and Health Visiting. (London:Routledge, 2013).
    4. Bucher, Rue & Stelling, Joan, “Characteristics of Professional Organizations”. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, Vol. 10, No.1, (1969).
    5. Chamberlain, John Martyn. Medical Regulation, Fitness to Practise and Revalidation: A Critical Introduction. (Policy Press,2015).
    6. Chamberlain, J. M.; Dent, Mike; Saks, Mike, Professional Health Regulation in the Public Interest : International Perspectives. (Policy Press, 2018).
    7. Chellew, John & Roberts, Alex, Modern Professional Practice and its Future Structural Types of Professional Regulation: Comparative Case Studies in Australia and the UK, Australian Research Council's Linkage Projects Funding Scheme Project, 2016).
    8. Dixon-Woods, Mary, Yeung, Karen & Bosk, Charles. L. Why is UK Medicine no Longer a Self-Regulating Profession? The Role of Scandals Involving “Bad Apple” Doctors, Social Science & Medicine, Vol .73, No. 10,(2011).
    9. Farrell, Anne-Maree, Devereux, J., Karpin, I. & Weller, P, Health Law : Frameworks and Context (Cambridge University Press, 2017).
    10. Garoupa, Nuno, “Regulation of Legal and Medical Professions in the Us and Europe: A Comparative Analysis” Working Paper 2006 -11.Http://www.fedea.es/pub/papers/2006/dt2006-11.pdf(29. Oktober 2016).
    11. Health Professions Regulatory Advisory Council. A Review of a Review of a Review of The Minister of Health and Long-Term Care Health Professions Regulatory Advisory Council. (2001).
    12. Healy, Judith, Improving Patient Safety Through Responsive Regulation,.https://improve.bmj.com/improve-post/improving-patient-safety-through-responsive-regulation/(2013)
    13. Healy, Judith. & Walton, Merrilyn. “Health Ombudsmen in Polycentric Regulatory Fields: England, New Zealand, and Australia”, Australian Journal of Public Administration, 75, No 4, (2016).
    14. Heidenheimer, Arnold. J, “Professional Knowledge and State Policy in Comparative Historical-Perspective-Law and Medicine in Britain, Germany and the United States”, International Social Science Journal, VOL. 122, 1989).
    15. Health Practitioner Regulation (Consequential Amendments) Bill 2010 (Cth).
    16. Health Practitioner Regulation National Law Act 2009 (Qld).
    17. Transforming and Supporting Patient Care a Report to the Minister of Health and Long-Term Care on Mechanisms to Facilitate and Support Interprofessional Collaboration and a New Framework for the Prescribing and Use of Drugs by Non-Physician Regulated Heal. (2009). www.hprac.org
    18. Bartle, Ian & Vass, Peter, Self-Regulation and the Regulatory State, (University of Bath, Research Report, 2005)
    19. National Health Service Reform and Health Care Professions Act 2002, legislation.gov.uk 1 (2002).
    20. Law Commission, Scottish Law Commission & Northern Ireland Law Commission, Regulation of Health Care Professionals, Regulation of Social Care Professionals in England. A Joint Consultation Paper. LCCP 202/ SLCDP 153 / NILC 12 (2012). http://lawcommission.justice.gov.uk/docs/cp202_regulation_of_healthcare_professionals_consultation.pdf.
    21. Law, M. & Kim, S., “Specialization and Regulation: The Rise of Professionals and the Emergence of Occupational Licensing Regulation”, The Journal of Economic History, 65, No. 3, (2005).
    22. Leslie, Kathleen, Nelson, S., Deber, R. & Gilmour, J., “Policy Tensions in Regulatory Reform: Changes to Regulation of Health Professions in Australia, the United Kingdom, and Ontario, Canada”, Journal of Nursing Regulation, Vol. 8, NO .4, (2018).
    23. Marciano, Alain & Ramello, Giovanni (n.d.), Encyclopedia of Law and Economics, Springer (New York, NY, USA, Springer 2019).
    24. Monteiro, A. Reis, Self-regulation of the Teaching Profession: Present and Future, (Springer, 2015)
    25. Morgan, Bronwen & Yeung, Karen, An Introduction to Law and Regulation. In An Introduction to Law and Regulation, (Cambridge University Press, 2007).
    26. Neal, M. & Morgan, J., “The Professionalization of Everyone? A Comparative Study of the Development of the Professions in the United Kingdom and Germany”, European Sociological Review, Vol. 16, NO .1, 2000).
    27. O’Reilly, Patricia, Health Care Practitioners : An Ontario Case Study in Policy Making (University of Toronto Press, 2000).
    28. Ogus, A. I , Regulation: Legal Form and Economic Theory, ( Hart, 2004).
    29. Parker, Christine, The Open Corporation in the Open Corporation, (Cambridge University Press, 2002).
    30. Philipsen, Niels, “Regulation of Liberal Professions and Competition Policy: Developments in the EU and China”. Journal of Competition Law and Economics,Vol. 6, No. 2, (2009).
    31. Regulated Health Professions Act, 1991. Retrieved August 2, 2021, from https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/91r18.
    32. Reis Monteiro, A., The Teaching Profession.(Springer International Publishing, 2015).
    33. Rostain, Tanina, Self-Regulatory Authority, Markets, and the Ideology of Professionalism. In The Oxford Handbook of Regulation. (Oxford University Press, 2010).
    34. Royal Commission Inquiry into Civil Rights, Reports: Ontario. Royal Commission Inquiry into Civil Rights. vol 1. (1968). https://archive.org/details/royalcommissioni04onta.
    35. S, R., C, O., H, K., L, B. & K, L, “Legislating Interprofessional Collaboration: A Policy Analysis of Health Professions Regulatory Legislation in Ontario, Canada”. Journal of Interprofessional Care,Vol. 29, No.4, 2015).